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See the night like never before

At the heart of Photonis Defense's night vision systems lies a suite of groundbreaking technologies. Our systems leverage state-of-the-art image intensification techniques, enabling users to see clearly in the darkest conditions. The core of our technology includes advanced photocathodes, microchannel plates, and proprietary optics, which together create unparalleled image clarity and resolution. These innovations not only improve performance but also ensure reliability and durability in the most demanding scenarios.

Night Vision Types and Comparison

Night Vision Components and Technology

Using and Maintaining Night Vision Equipment

Measurement and Performance Metrics

Night Vision Types and Comparison + What is analog Night Vision? What is digital low level light Night Vision? What is Digital Image Intensified Night Vision? Which is best for night vision – digital or analog systems?

What is analog Night Vision?

Analog night vision uses an image intensifier tube (IIT) to amplify available light, such as moonlight or starlight. The IIT contains a photocathode, which converts photons into electrons, and a microchannel plate (MCP) that multiplies these electrons. The electrons then hit a phosphor screen, creating a visible image after the electrons are converted back into Photons. . Analog systems typically offer high resolution and low latency, making them ideal for real-time applications like military and surveillance. They are effective in very low-light conditions but can be very sensitive and damaged if the intensifier is exposed to bright light sources for significant periods of time. Analog night vision is known for its reliability and durability and low power draw, enabling extended run times up to 40-50 hours

What is digital low level light Night Vision?

Digital low level light night vision uses a digital sensor, such as a CMOS or CCD, to capture and amplify available light in low-light conditions. The sensor converts light into electronic signals, which are processed and displayed on an LCD or OLED screen. This type of night vision can provide color images and video recording capabilities. Digital systems are less sensitive to bright light, But are more resistant to damage from exposure to it. They often include additional features like zoom, image capture, and video recording. However, digital night vision can suffer from lower resolution and higher latency compared to analog systems.

What is Digital Image Intensified Night Vision?

Digital night vision uses an electronic sensor such as a CMOS or CCD digital camera, in combination with an analog image intensifier tube to convert the analog image into a digital image. The image intensifier tube is mated to the selected digital device via industry proprietary means and the image intensifier's electronic control must be synchronized with the digital camera to sync to the intensifiers autogating function. The objective lens of the digital night vision device collects photons, the photocathode of the image intensifier tube converts the photons to electrons; then a microchannel plate (MCP) multiplies the electrical energy of the electrons in a process called "avalanche" and sends it to a phosphor screen which converts the electrical energy back into light before it enters the CMOS. The CMOS then converts the intensified image into a digital output which is presented to the viewer via digital display such as Mini/Micro LCDs or OLEDs. Think of it as a vastly more efficient and effective method than holding your smart phone camera up to a night vision monocular. Digital night vision provides the same level of detection as an analog night vision device since it uses an analog tube to detect photons and because the image is now digital it can be overlaid with other types of information. However, the digital image will be subjected to the weaknesses (and strengths) of the electronic sensor used to convert the analog image into a digital image. For example, the digital image will be affected by the resolution capability of the digital camera, and the latency of the CMOS/CCD sensor. Currently, pure digital devices, if not coupled to an image intensifier tube, will not be able to perform as well as an analog night vision device.

Which is best for night vision – digital or analog systems?

The best choice between digital and analog night vision systems depends on the intended use. Analog night vision, using image intensifier tubes (IIT), offers high resolution, low latency, and excellent performance in very low-light conditions, making it ideal for military and tactical applications. Analog devices are durable but can be damaged by exposure to bright light.

Digital night vision, using CMOS or CCD sensors, provides additional features like color imaging, recording, and zoom. These systems are more affordable and versatile, suitable for consumer, security, and recreational use. Digital devices are more resistant to bright light, reducing the risk of damage.

Analog systems excel in high-stakes, real-time scenarios due to their superior image quality and responsiveness. Digital systems are better for applications where additional functionalities and cost-effectiveness are important.

Ultimately, the choice depends on specific needs: analog for high-performance, critical operations, and digital for versatility and everyday use.

What are the components of a night vision system?

A night vision system typically consists of several key components. The primary component is the image intensifier tube (IIT) in analog systems, or a digital sensor like CMOS or CCD in digital systems, which captures and amplifies available light. A photocathode within the IIT converts photons to electrons, while a microchannel plate (MCP) multiplies these electrons. The electrons then hit a phosphor screen, producing a visible image.

In digital systems, the sensor converts light into electronic signals, which are processed and displayed on an LCD or OLED screen. Additional components include optics, such as objective lenses to gather light and eyepiece lenses to magnify the image.

Power supplies, often batteries, provide the necessary energy for the system to operate. Housing and mounting hardware ensure the device is durable and can be attached to helmets or weapons. Some night vision systems also feature built-in infrared illuminators to enhance visibility in complete darkness.

What is an image intensifier tube and how does it work?

An image intensifier tube (IIT) is a key component in analog night vision devices. It uses an image intensifier tube (IIT) to amplify available light, such as moonlight or starlight. The IIT contains a photocathode, which converts photons into electrons, and a microchannel plate (MCP) that multiplies these electrons. The electrons then hit a phosphor screen, creating a visible image after the electrons are converted back into Photons. Analog systems typically offer high resolution and low latency, making them ideal for real-time applications like military and surveillance. They are effective in very low-light conditions but can be very sensitive and damaged if the intensifier is exposed to bright light sources for significant periods of time. Analog night vision is known for its reliability and durability and low power draw, enabling extended run times up to 40-50 hours

How long does it take to make an Image Intensifier Tubes?

The production of an image intensifier tube typically takes several weeks to a few months. This process involves precise manufacturing and assembly of various components, such as the photocathode, microchannel plate (MCP), and phosphor screen. Quality control and testing are crucial steps to ensure the tube meets performance standards. Specialized materials and cleanroom environments are required to maintain the necessary purity and precision. Custom or high-performance tubes may take longer due to additional specifications and rigorous testing. The exact time frame can vary depending on the complexity and production capacity of the manufacturer.

What are the components of an image intensifier tube and how do they affect overall performance?

An image intensifier tube (IIT) consists of several critical components that collectively determine its performance. The key components include:

Photocathode: Converts incoming photons (particles of light) into electrons.
Microchannel Plate (MCP): Multiplies the number of electrons through thousands of tiny channels.
Phosphor Screen: Converts multiplied electrons back into visible light, producing the final image.
Housing and Optics: Protects the internal components and focuses the light onto the photocathode.

Each component's quality and design directly influence the tube's sensitivity, resolution, and signal-to-noise ratio. A high-quality photocathode enhances light conversion efficiency, while a well-designed MCP ensures effective electron multiplication without introducing noise. The phosphor screen's characteristics affect the image's brightness and clarity. Overall, the synergy between these components determines the IIT's performance in terms of image quality, low-light sensitivity, and durability in varied operational conditions.

What aspects of an image intensifier tubes affect the performance?

Several aspects of an image intensifier tube (IIT) significantly affect its performance. The quality and sensitivity of the photocathode directly impact how efficiently light is converted into electrons, influencing low-light performance. The microchannel plate (MCP) design and material affect electron multiplication, which determines the tube's gain and noise levels. The phosphor screen's composition and resolution dictate the brightness and clarity of the final image produced. Additionally, the overall construction and alignment of these components within the tube impact image resolution, contrast, and the ability to handle varying light conditions effectively. Finally, factors like the tube's lifespan, reliability, and resistance to damage also play crucial roles in overall performance and longevity in operational environments.

What specifications determine an image intensifier tube’s performance?

The performance of an image intensifier tube (IIT) is primarily determined by several key specifications. These include:

Sensitivity: How effectively the tube converts incoming light into electrons, influenced by the quality of the photocathode.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR): Indicates the clarity and definition of the image produced, with higher SNR indicating clearer images with less noise. Noise is determined by the amount of power sent to the power supply in order to produce a clearly visible image.
Resolution: Determines the level of detail in the image, typically measured in line pairs per millimeter (lp/mm).
Gain: Reflects how much the signal is amplified by the tube, crucial for enhancing visibility in low-light conditions.
EBI: Equivalent Background Illumination quantifies how much background illumination affects the clarity and contrast of the image in low-light conditions.
MTF (Modulation Transfer Function): Indicates how well the tube preserves contrast and sharpness of the image.
Lifetime and Reliability: Specifies how long the tube maintains its performance over time, affected by factors such as operational hours and environmental conditions.

These specifications collectively define the tube's ability to provide clear, detailed images in challenging low-light environments, making them critical for various applications from military and law enforcement to surveillance and astronomy.

What is a microchannel plate?

A microchannel plate (MCP) is a crucial component within an image intensifier tube (IIT) used in night vision technology. It consists of a thin, flat glass or ceramic disc perforated with millions of microscopic channels, typically around 10-15 micrometers in diameter. These channels are arranged in a honeycomb-like pattern and are coated with a conductive material.

When electrons generated by the photocathode strike the MCP, they undergo a process called electron multiplication. Each electron that enters a channel triggers a cascade effect, releasing multiple secondary electrons. This multiplication process amplifies the original electron signal by thousands of times, significantly boosting the overall brightness of the image.

The design and quality of the MCP directly influence the gain (amplification factor) and resolution of the image intensifier tube. A well-designed MCP ensures efficient electron multiplication with minimal noise, contributing to enhanced low-light sensitivity and image clarity in night vision applications.

What is Automatic Brightness Control?

Automatic Brightness Control (ABC) is a feature in night vision devices that automatically adjusts the brightness of the image based on ambient light conditions. It ensures optimal visibility by preventing the image from becoming too bright or too dim, thereby maintaining clarity, reducing eye strain for the user while protecting the integrity of the image tube.

ABC works by continuously monitoring the amount of light entering the device through its sensors. When the ambient light level changes, the ABC circuitry adjusts the voltage applied to the image intensifier tube (IIT) or the digital sensor. This adjustment controls the intensity of the amplified image output to ensure it remains within a comfortable viewing range.

In analog systems, ABC adjusts the voltage to the MCP or photocathode, while in digital systems, it adjusts the gain or exposure settings of the sensor. This feature is essential for maintaining effective night vision performance across varying light conditions, from complete darkness to low-light environments.

What is Gain?

Gain refers to the ability of an image intensifier tube (IIT) or a digital sensor in night vision devices to amplify the incoming light signal. It quantifies how much the original signal (electrons or photons) is increased before being converted into a visible image. Higher gain results in a brighter image with greater visibility in low-light conditions, enhancing the device's overall sensitivity.

In analog night vision systems, gain is controlled by adjusting the voltage applied to the microchannel plate (MCP) or photocathode, which determines the intensity of electron multiplication. In digital systems, gain controls the sensitivity of the sensor to light, affecting how much the electronic signal is amplified before being processed and displayed.

Optimizing gain is crucial for balancing image brightness and clarity with noise levels. Too much gain can introduce image distortion in the form of noise or “pixelation”, while too little can result in a dim or unclear image. Adjusting gain effectively allows night vision devices to perform well in a wide range of lighting conditions, from starlight to complete darkness.

What is Contrast?

Contrast in the context of night vision refers to the difference in brightness between different parts of an image. It is a critical aspect of image quality as it determines how well objects or details can be distinguished from their background in varying light conditions. Higher contrast means there is a greater distinction between light and dark areas, resulting in sharper and clearer images.

In night vision devices, contrast is influenced by factors such as the quality of the image intensifier tube (IIT) or digital sensor, the design of the optics, and the effectiveness of image processing algorithms. Achieving optimal contrast ensures that details are more discernible, enhancing situational awareness and the ability to detect objects or movements in low-light environments.

Maintaining appropriate contrast levels is essential for effective night vision performance, as it directly impacts the user's ability to interpret visual information accurately and make informed decisions in challenging conditions.

What is Figure of Merit?

The Figure of Merit (FOM) is a quantitative measure used to assess the overall performance and quality of image intensifier tubes (IITs) in night vision technology. It combines key performance parameters such as resolution, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), into a single numerical value. For example: 72 Line Pair/mm resolution multiplied by a tube specification of 30 Signal to Noise Ratio = a FOM rating of 2160. A higher FOM indicates a more effective and efficient IIT with superior low-light performance and image quality.

Manufacturers use FOM as a standard metric to classify and compare different generations or models of IITs. It helps users evaluate which tubes offer the best balance of sensitivity and image clarity for specific applications, such as military, law enforcement, or surveillance.

What is Resolution and how is it measured?

Resolution in night vision refers to the ability of a device to distinguish between small details or objects in an image. It is typically measured in line pairs per millimeter (lp/mm), which quantifies the number of alternating black and white lines that can be distinguished in one millimeter of the image. Higher resolution means more lines can be resolved, indicating finer detail and sharper image quality.

In image intensifier tubes (IITs), resolution is influenced by factors such as the quality of the photocathode, the design and alignment of the microchannel plate (MCP), and the phosphor screen. For digital night vision devices, resolution depends on the pixel density of the sensor and the effectiveness of image processing algorithms.

Achieving high resolution is crucial for enhancing situational awareness and improving the ability to identify objects or movements in low-light conditions. It allows users to distinguish critical details accurately, making it an essential parameter for assessing the performance of night vision equipment.

What is EBI?

EBI stands for Equivalent Background Illumination in the context of night vision technology. It refers to the amount of ambient light that would produce the same level of noise or interference as the device itself. Essentially, EBI quantifies how much background illumination affects the clarity and contrast of the image in low-light conditions.

A lower EBI value indicates that the night vision device can operate effectively in darker environments without significant degradation in image quality. Manufacturers aim to minimize EBI to enhance the device's performance in real-world applications where ambient light levels can vary widely.

EBI is crucial for determining the operational capabilities of night vision devices, particularly in scenarios where maintaining clear visibility and detection capabilities in low-light conditions is critical.

What is Signal to Noise Ratio?

Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is a measure used to evaluate the quality of a signal against the background noise level present in a system. In the context of night vision technology, SNR indicates the ratio between the desired image signal (light from the scene) and the unwanted noise (electronic noise, thermal noise, etc.) present in the image.

A higher SNR signifies that the signal (image) is stronger relative to the noise, resulting in a clearer and more detailed image with better contrast and visibility in low-light conditions. SNR is a critical parameter in assessing the performance of image intensifier tubes (IITs) and digital sensors in night vision devices.

Manufacturers strive to maximize SNR to improve the effectiveness of night vision equipment, ensuring that users can accurately discern objects and details even in challenging environments where light levels are minimal.

What is a Photocathode?

A photocathode is a key component in image intensifier tubes (IITs) used in night vision technology. It is a thin layer of photosensitive material, typically made of compounds like gallium arsenide or cesium antimony, deposited on the inside surface of the tube's input window. When exposed to photons (light), the photocathode releases electrons through the photoelectric effect.

These electrons are then accelerated and multiplied by the microchannel plate (MCP) within the IIT, significantly amplifying the original light signal. The efficiency and sensitivity of the photocathode in converting photons into electrons directly impact the low-light performance and overall sensitivity of the night vision device.

Manufacturers optimize photocathode materials and designs to enhance sensitivity and spectral response, allowing night vision devices to operate effectively in varying light conditions, from moonlit nights to near-complete darkness.

What does “Out of Band" mean?

"Out of Band" refers to wavelengths of light that fall outside the range of sensitivity or detection capability of a particular night vision device or sensor, as well as the human eye. Night vision equipment is designed to detect and amplify light within specific wavelengths, typically in the near-infrared or visible spectrum.

Light outside this designated range is considered "out of band" and may not be detected or processed effectively by the device. This can lead to incomplete or inaccurate image representation if such light is present in the environment.

Manufacturers specify the operational wavelength range of their night vision devices to ensure optimal performance and to minimize the impact of out-of-band light sources, such as certain types of artificial lighting or natural ambient light that do not fall within the device's sensitivity range.

What does the power supply of an image intensifier tube do?

The power supply of an image intensifier tube provides the necessary electrical energy to operate the tube's internal components, such as the photocathode and microchannel plate (MCP). It ensures that the tube receives a stable and appropriate voltage to facilitate electron multiplication and image amplification processes. The power supply also regulates the operation of the tube, including controlling brightness levels and adjusting for different lighting conditions. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the performance and longevity of the image intensifier tube in night vision devices.

What is Generation I, II and III and is that still valid?

Night vision technology is categorized into generations based on advancements and improvements in image intensifier tube (IIT) technology. Here's an overview of each generation:

Generation I:
Generation I night vision devices were developed in the 1960s and utilized passive amplification of ambient light. They typically used an S-20 photocathode and provided limited resolution and performance, often with visible distortion and high levels of image noise. Generation I devices were bulky, required moonlight or other ambient light sources, and had relatively short operational lifespans.

Generation II:
Generation II saw significant improvements with the introduction of the microchannel plate (MCP) in the 1970s. This allowed for much higher electron amplification, resulting in brighter and clearer images with improved resolution and reduced noise compared to Generation I. Generation II devices also incorporated better optics and power supplies, enhancing overall performance in low-light conditions.

Generation III:
Generation III emerged in the 1990s and introduced further enhancements to the photocathode and MCP technology. This generation marked a significant leap in sensitivity and image quality, offering superior low-light performance, increased resolution, and extended operational lifespans. Generation III devices were characterized by reduced noise, better signal-to-noise ratios (SNR), and enhanced clarity.

Next Gen:
While “Generations” have been a long-held measure of the capability of night vision image intensifiers, today all reputable night vision tube manufactures produce image intensifier tubes that no longer rely on “Generation” to determine their effectiveness. Today, all image intensifier tubes made by both European and American companies offer very high image quality, clarity and reliability no matter the generation attributed to the tube. The differences in the image intensifier tubes now depend more upon the coatings used to convert photons to electrons, and back again, which affects sensitivity to the electromagnetic spectrum and gain.

What is the difference between filmed and unfilmed image intensifier tubes?

Filmed and unfilmed image intensifier tubes differ primarily in the presence of a protective film on the MCP (microchannel plate). Unfilmed tubes have an MCP directly exposed to the vacuum inside the tube, which allows for higher sensitivity and resolution due to fewer electrons being lost during multiplication. However, this makes them more susceptible to damage from bright light sources.

Filmed tubes have a protective film coating on the MCP, which reduces the risk of damage from bright light exposure but can slightly reduce sensitivity and resolution due to some electrons being absorbed by the film. Filmed tubes are typically more durable and suitable for environments where exposure to bright light is a concern, such as military operations.

Choosing between filmed and unfilmed tubes depends on the specific application and the balance required between sensitivity, resolution, and durability in varying operational conditions.

What is Autogating and how does it work?

Autogating is a technology used in modern image intensifier tubes (IITs) to improve performance in dynamic lighting conditions, particularly when exposed to varying levels of light. It works by automatically adjusting the voltage applied to the microchannel plate (MCP) based on incoming light levels detected by a photocathode.

When light levels increase, autogating reduces the voltage to prevent the MCP from saturating and producing a blooming effect that can obscure details in the image. Conversely, in low-light conditions, autogating increases the voltage to maximize sensitivity and maintain image clarity without excessive noise.

This dynamic adjustment helps to optimize image quality and prevent damage to the intensifier tube from overly bright light sources. Autogating is particularly beneficial in tactical and surveillance applications where operators may encounter rapidly changing light conditions, ensuring consistent performance and operational effectiveness of night vision devices.

What type of Phosphor coatings are used in Night Vision?

Night vision devices utilize various phosphor coatings to achieve different visual effects and performance characteristics:

Green Phosphor: This is the traditional choice for night vision, producing a monochromatic green image. It offers good contrast and is widely used in military and tactical applications for target identification.

White Phosphor: Provides a more natural grayscale image resembling daylight, which can improve depth perception and reduce eye strain. It offers better contrast in urban environments and is preferred by some users for its more realistic color representation.

Extended Red Phosphor: Enhances sensitivity to red wavelengths of light, which can be beneficial for distinguishing red objects or in environments where red light is prevalent.

Yellow Phosphor:Offers a compromise between the contrast of green phosphor and the more natural color rendition of white phosphor. It provides a yellowish-green image and is suitable for certain low-light conditions.

Blue Phosphor: Produces a blue-tinted image, which can enhance contrast in specific environments, though it is less common than green or white phosphor.
Multispectral Phosphors: These coatings are designed to enhance visibility across multiple wavelengths of light, providing versatility in various operational environments.

Each phosphor coating type has distinct advantages depending on the application and environmental conditions where the night vision device will be used. This said Green and White Phosphor are the standards used for both military and commercial users. The other phosphor types are typical needed for more scientific research applications.

What is the difference in performance between Green Phosphor and White Phosphor?

The difference in performance between Green Phosphor and White Phosphor primarily lies in color rendition and visual comfort. Green Phosphor, being monochromatic, offers high contrast and clarity in low-light conditions, making it effective for target identification. White Phosphor, on the other hand, has been reported to provide a more natural gray scale image that resembles daylight, perhaps enhancing depth perception and/or reducing eye strain.

A 2021 US Army study titled, the "Influence of night vision goggles with white and green phosphor screens on selected parameters of the eye and fatigue” by authors Karol Stasiak, Magorzata Zyskowska, Ilona Gowinkowska, Krzysztof Kowalczuk and Rafa Lewkowicz examined whether changes in ophthalmic parameters during NVGs use vary depending on phosphor screen type (green or white coded as P43 and P45 respectively). Thirteen participants were studied during a 2-hour visual task in a night vision laboratory. Before and after NVGs use, the researchers examined visual acuity, pachymetry, critical flicker frequency thresholds, stereoscopic and contrast vision. During the use of NVGs, visual acuity, intra-ocular pressure and eye refraction were measured. The research group reported that they found no difference in visual performance between NVGs with green and white phosphor screens; however, they also said that NVGs use in general may lead to subjective eye fatigue, neck pain and headaches associated with the time of wearing and the weight of the helmet with additional equipment attached, including the type and weight of the night vision goggle itself.

How many hours should an image intensifier tube last?

The lifespan of an image intensifier tube (IIT) varies depending on its quality, usage conditions, and maintenance. Generally, high-quality IITs used in military or professional-grade night vision devices can last between 10,000 to 15,000 hours and much higher with the newest image intensifier tubes. This duration can decrease if the tube is exposed to excessive light levels, which can degrade its performance over time. Regular maintenance and proper handling, such as avoiding exposure to bright light sources during use and storage, can help extend the lifespan of the IIT. Manufacturers often provide guidelines and specifications regarding expected lifespan based on usage and environmental factors.

How are image intensifier tubes graded in terms of performance?

Image intensifier tubes (IITs) are graded based on several performance parameters to classify their quality and capabilities:

Resolution: Measured in line pairs per millimeter (lp/mm), higher resolution indicates clearer and more detailed images.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR):Reflects the clarity and contrast of the image by comparing the strength of the signal (desired image) to background noise.
Sensitivity:Determines how well the tube detects and amplifies low levels of light.
Lifetime Expectancy: Specifies the operational lifespan of the tube under normal conditions.
MTF (Modulation Transfer Function):Indicates how well the tube preserves contrast and sharpness of the image.
FOM (Figure of Merit): Provides an overall performance score based on resolution, SNR, and other factors.

These parameters collectively enable the manufacturer to determine the grade or classification of an IIT, with higher grades (usually delineated by price) indicating superior performance and suitability for demanding applications, such as military operations or surveillance.

Using and Maintaining Night Vision Equipment + How do you take photographs through night vision goggles? How do I choose which Photonis Defense night vision system is best for my needs? How do you set up a Night Vision Goggle on a tactical helmet? How Night Vision goggle weight affects human performance. How to focus your Night Vision goggles for outdoor use. How do you use a Photonis Night Vision System properly. At what point do higher specifications become diminishing returns for the money? How to prevent burning your Night Vision goggles and how to remove burn marks from your image intensifier tubes. How to use wide field of view optics with your Night Vision Goggles. What is the performance difference between Photonis 40 degree optics and 50 degree optics? What are Night Vision Goggle retention straps. Do you need to keep your lens caps on during the daytime? Will exposing your Night Vision Goggles to sunlight damage the image intensifier tubes?

How do you take photographs through night vision goggles?

To take photographs through night vision goggles, follow these steps:

Alignment: Position the camera lens directly behind the eyepiece of the night vision goggles, ensuring proper alignment to avoid vignetting or blurred edges.
Steady Hold: Keep both the goggles and camera steady, using a tripod or stabilizing rig if necessary to reduce motion blur.
Focus: Adjust the focus on both the night vision goggles and the camera to ensure the image is sharp and clear.
Color Balance: All digital camera sensors resolve the hue of a night vision scene. If someone is using a hight quality SLR camera to capture night vision images, they can color balance using an 18% neutral gray card prior to capturing images. If using a digital phone with no color balance setting, color balance needs to be adjusted in post-capture editing.
Exposure Settings: Set the camera to a low ISO and use a slower shutter speed to capture enough light, but avoid overexposure. Night vision devices amplify light, so the camera settings need to be adjusted accordingly.
Capture:Take the photograph, making sure to review the image for clarity and adjust settings if needed for subsequent shots.
Experiment:Experiment with different angles and distances to achieve the best results, as capturing images through night vision goggles can be challenging and may require several attempts to perfect.

How do I choose which Photonis Defense night vision system is best for my needs?

To choose the best Photonis Defense night vision system for your needs:

Determine Usage: Identify the primary purpose (e.g., military, law enforcement, hunting, surveillance) to select a system tailored for that application.
Performance Requirements: Consider key performance metrics like resolution, signal-to-noise ratio, and sensitivity to match your operational needs.
Environment: Assess the typical environmental conditions (e.g., urban, rural, varying light levels) to ensure the device can perform effectively in those settings.
Weight and Ergonomics: Choose a system that is lightweight and comfortable for extended use, especially if it will be mounted on a helmet or used handheld.
Durability and Reliability: Ensure the system is rugged and reliable, capable of withstanding harsh conditions and rough handling.
Budget: Balance your performance needs with your budget, considering that higher-end models offer better features but at a higher cost.
Future Upgradability: Check if the system allows for upgrades or additional features to extend its usability and adaptability over time.
Consult a Subject Matter Expert (SME): Reach out to a Photonis SME to ask for help in determining the best night vision system for your needs.

How do you set up a Night Vision Goggle on a tactical helmet?

To set up a night vision goggle (NVG) on a tactical helmet:

Helmet Selection: Ensure you have a compatible tactical helmet equipped with a mounting system, such as a shroud or mount bracket designed for NVGs.
NVG Mount: Attach the NVG mount (such as a rhino mount or dovetail mount) to the helmet's shroud, securing it firmly in place.
NVG Attachment: Connect the NVG unit to the mount, ensuring it clicks into place and is securely fastened and affixed to the helmet with a bungie retention system to protect the system from dislodging from the helmet.
Adjust Fit: Adjust the helmet's fit so it sits comfortably and securely on your head, ensuring the NVGs are correctly aligned with your eyes.
Strap Adjustment: Tighten or loosen the retention straps on the helmet to keep it stable and prevent any movement during use.
Focus and Calibration: Power on the NVGs and adjust the focus and interpupillary distance to match your eyesight for a clear, comfortable view.
Stability Check: Move your head around to ensure the NVGs remain stable and do not shift or wobble.
Counterweight: If necessary, attach a counterweight to the back of the helmet to balance the weight of the NVGs and reduce neck strain.

Ensure all adjustments are securely tightened, and the NVGs operate smoothly before using them in the field.

How Night Vision goggle weight affects human performance.

Night vision goggle weight significantly impacts human performance. Heavier goggles can cause neck strain and fatigue, particularly during extended use, leading to discomfort and reduced operational effectiveness. The added weight can also affect balance and mobility, making quick movements and prolonged wear challenging.

Counterweights on the helmet can help balance the load, but they also add overall weight. Properly distributing the weight and ensuring a secure, comfortable fit can mitigate some of these issues. Lighter night vision goggles enhance endurance, agility, and overall comfort, allowing users to perform tasks more efficiently and with less physical strain.

How to focus your Night Vision goggles for outdoor use.

To focus your night vision goggles for outdoor use:

Set Objective Lens: Adjust the objective lens (front lens ) by rotating it until distant objects appear clear.
Adjust Diopter: Fine-tune the diopter (eyepiece lens) to match your eyesight, ensuring a sharp image. Close one eye and adjust the diopter for the open eye, then repeat for the other eye.
Test in the Dark: Move to a dark outdoor area and look at various distances to ensure clarity across different ranges.
Fine-Tune: Make small adjustments to both lenses as needed to maintain a clear, focused image for both close and distant objects.
Lock Settings: Once focused, lock the settings if your goggles have this feature to prevent accidental adjustments during use.

How do you use a Photonis Night Vision System properly.

Store the system in a protective, dark case
Clean the system regularly by using a soft lens cloth to clean the optics and remove the dust and dirt from the system itself with a soft damp cloth. Take care to insure that the system is complete dry before storage.
Never expose the system to extended period of bright light (Sun or Artificial Room lights).
Keep the lens caps on at all times when the system is not in use.
Remove battery when stored.

At what point do higher specifications become diminishing returns for the money?

With night vision goggles, higher specifications like increased resolution, enhanced signal-to-noise ratio, and better sensitivity improve performance, but they come at a significantly higher cost. Diminishing returns occur when the additional performance gains do not justify the increased expense. For most users, mid-to-high tier models provide sufficient clarity and functionality for typical applications. Beyond this point, the improvements may only be marginal and noticeable primarily in very specific or extreme conditions. Therefore, the cost-benefit ratio decreases, making ultra-high-end models less economically viable for general use. Evaluating the specific needs and conditions of use helps determine the optimal balance between performance and cost.

How to prevent burning your Night Vision goggles and how to remove burn marks from your image intensifier tubes.

To prevent burning your night vision goggles, avoid exposing them to bright light sources such as direct sunlight, headlights, or flashlights while they are powered on. Always use lens caps or protective covers during the daytime or in well-lit environments. Turn off the goggles when not in use to minimize the risk of accidental exposure to bright lights.

To remove burn marks from image intensifier tubes, it is generally recommended to seek professional servicing, as the process can be complex and requires specialized equipment. Manufacturers or certified repair centers can assess and, if possible, repair or replace damaged components. DIY attempts to fix burn marks are not advised, as they can cause further damage to the sensitive components of the night vision device.

Regular maintenance and careful handling are crucial to prolonging the lifespan and performance of night vision goggles. Following the manufacturer's guidelines for use and storage can help prevent issues related to burn marks and other damage.

How to use wide field of view optics with your Night Vision Goggles.

To use wide field of view (FOV) optics with your night vision goggles:

Attach Optics: Securely attach the wide FOV optics to your night vision goggles, ensuring proper alignment.
Adjust Fit: Make sure the goggles and optics are comfortably and securely fitted to avoid any movement during use.
Calibrate Focus: Adjust the focus of both the night vision goggles and the wide FOV optics to achieve a clear image.
Field Testing: Test the setup in the field to ensure that the wider view does not distort the image or reduce clarity.
Maintain Stability: Use a helmet mount or other stabilization method to support the added weight and maintain a stable view.
Practice Movement: Practice moving with the setup to get accustomed to the altered perspective and ensure effective use in various scenarios.

What is the performance difference between Photonis 40 degree optics and 50 degree optics?

Photonis 50-degree optics provide a wider field of view (horizontally and vertically) compared to 40-degree optics/ The 50-degree optics offer a wider field of view(138% overall increase)enhancing situational awareness by allowing users to see more of their surroundings without moving their head (scanning).

What are Night Vision Goggle retention straps?

Night vision goggle retention straps are adjustable bands or harness systems used to secure night vision goggles (NVGs) to a tactical helmet or directly to the user's head. They ensure the goggles remain firmly in place during movement and operations, preventing them from dislodging or falling off. These straps typically feature buckles or fasteners for quick adjustment and a snug fit. Retention straps are essential for maintaining the stability and alignment of NVGs with the user's eyes, ensuring consistent optical performance and comfort over extended periods. They are designed to withstand rugged conditions and allow for easy removal and reattachment as needed.

Do you need to keep your lens caps on during the daytime?

Yes, it is crucial to keep your night vision goggle lens caps on during the daytime to protect the sensitive image intensifier tube (IIT) from exposure to bright sunlight. Direct sunlight can damage the IIT by causing burn marks or permanent spots, significantly degrading its performance and lifespan. Keeping the lens caps on prevents excessive light from entering the device, maintaining its integrity and ensuring optimal performance during nighttime operations. It's a standard practice recommended by manufacturers to extend the longevity and reliability of night vision equipment.

Will exposing your Night Vision Goggles to sunlight damage the image intensifier tubes?

Exposing night vision goggles to direct sunlight can indeed damage the image intensifier tubes (IITs). Sunlight contains intense levels of visible and infrared light that can overwhelm and potentially burn the sensitive components of the IIT. This exposure may result in permanent damage such as burn spots on the tube, reducing its performance and lifespan. Manufacturers advise against exposing night vision goggles to sunlight without protective lens caps or covers to prevent such damage. Proper care and storage, including using lens caps during daylight hours, are essential to preserve the integrity and functionality of night vision equipment.

Measurement and Performance Metrics + What is dark, and how it is measured? What is Resolution and how is it measured? What aspects of an image intensifier tubes affect the performance? What specifications determine an image intensifier tube’s performance? What is Gain? What is Contrast? What is Figure of Merit? What is EBI? What is Signal to Noise Ratio?

What is dark, and how it is measured?

In the context of night vision technology, "dark" refers to low-light or nighttime conditions where natural or artificial illumination is minimal. The level of darkness is typically measured using several methods:

Luminance: Luminance measures the amount of visible light emitted or reflected from a surface. In dark conditions, luminance levels are very low, often approaching zero in outdoor settings with no moonlight or ambient lighting.
Lux: Lux is a unit of measurement that quantifies the intensity of visible light reaching a surface. In dark environments, lux levels are low, often below 1 lux, which is considered very dim and challenging for human vision without aid.
Infrared Radiation: Night vision devices detect infrared radiation emitted by objects, which is invisible to the human eye. In dark conditions, the presence of infrared radiation can provide additional illumination for night vision devices.
Contrast: Contrast refers to the difference in luminance or color that makes an object distinguishable from its background. In dark environments, low contrast can make objects harder to perceive without night vision technology.
Sensitivity: Sensitivity refers to the capability of night vision devices to detect and amplify low levels of light, including near-infrared wavelengths. Higher sensitivity allows for better performance in darker conditions.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR): SNR measures the clarity and quality of the image produced by night vision devices. In dark conditions, a higher SNR is crucial for distinguishing objects from background noise or distortion.

Measuring darkness involves assessing these factors to determine the effectiveness of night vision devices in enhancing visibility and enabling users to operate effectively in low-light environments. Different generations of night vision technology vary in their ability to amplify available light or detect infrared radiation, impacting their performance in varying levels of darkness.

What is Resolution and how is it measured?

What aspects of an image intensifier tubes affect the performance?

What specifications determine an image intensifier tube’s performance?

The performance of an image intensifier tube (IIT) is primarily determined by several key specifications. These include:

Sensitivity: How effectively the tube converts incoming light into electrons, influenced by the quality of the photocathode.
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR): Indicates the clarity and definition of the image produced, with higher SNR indicating clearer images with less noise.
Resolution: Determines the level of detail in the image, typically measured in line pairs per millimeter (lp/mm).
Gain: Reflects how much the signal is amplified by the tube, crucial for enhancing visibility in low-light conditions.
MTF (Modulation Transfer Function): Indicates how well the tube preserves contrast and sharpness of the image.
Lifetime and Reliability: Specifies how long the tube maintains its performance over time, affected by factors such as operational hours and environmental conditions.

What is Gain?

Gain refers to the ability of an image intensifier tube (IIT) or a digital sensor in night vision devices to amplify the incoming light signal. It quantifies how much the original signal (electrons or photons) is increased before being converted into a visible image. Higher gain results in a brighter image with greater visibility in low-light conditions, enhancing the device's overall sensitivity.

In analog night vision systems, gain is controlled by adjusting the voltage applied to the microchannel plate (MCP) or photocathode, which determines the intensity of electron multiplication. In digital systems, gain controls the sensitivity of the sensor to light, affecting how much the electronic signal is amplified before being processed and displayed.

Optimizing gain is crucial for balancing image brightness and clarity with noise levels. Too much gain can introduce image distortion or "blooming," while too little can result in a dim or unclear image. Adjusting gain effectively allows night vision devices to perform well in a wide range of lighting conditions, from starlight to complete darkness.

What is Contrast?

What is Figure of Merit?

The Figure of Merit (FOM) is a quantitative measure used to assess the overall performance and quality of image intensifier tubes (IITs) in night vision technology. It combines several key parameters such as resolution, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and photocathode sensitivity into a single numerical value. A higher FOM indicates a more effective and efficient IIT with superior low-light performance and image quality.

Manufacturers use FOM as a standard metric to classify and compare different generations or models of IITs. It helps users evaluate which tubes offer the best balance of sensitivity and image clarity for specific applications, such as military, law enforcement, or surveillance.

FOM is crucial for determining the effectiveness of night vision devices in providing clear and detailed images under challenging lighting conditions, making it a fundamental criteria in selecting and assessing the performance of IITs.